Tuesday, 2 June 2020

Birding during the Corona Pandemic - Spring 2020

The spring of 2020 will of course always be associated with the Corona Virus pandemic. Thousands and thousands of people have lost their lives and jobs and we have all been subjected to severe restrictions on our lives. Fortunately, the lockdown measures imposed in Germany allowed us to enjoy the great outdoors providing we remained in small groups, originally numbering only two people. Many people have commented on the effect on the absence of people, noise and pollution and the beneficial effect this had on wildlife. For my part it has been an extraordinary spring and having the time to visit my favourite sites more often than I otherwise would, has allowed me to see an amazing number and variety of birds, insects and animals. I can honestly say that this has helped to keep me sane.

Juv female Goshawk - Apelhorn

Juv female Goshawk - Apelhorn
Black Woodpecker - Apelhorn
Lesser Spotted Woodpecker - Apelhorn
I like to visit Apelhorn, a former military training area near Langelsheim, in March to see Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers. Sure enough at least one male was present calling from the mixed beech and oak forests. Middle Spotted, Great and Black Woodpeckers were also present, but what gave me most satisfaction was seeing a juvenile female Goshawk which cruised out from the forest canopy and proceeded to fly directly over my head giving me wonderful views. This superlative raptor is widely distributed but difficult to see unless you find some displaying. My second year bird was probably prospecting and will assume full adult plumage later this year.

Coal Tit - Apelhorn

Crested Tit - Oberharz
In April our lockdown came into proper effect and also coincided with the arrival of one of my favourite birds, the Wryneck. The first bird I saw was in the Grosse Bruch, a first for me, but quickly enough I had up to three on my local Steinberg and several more as I searched suitable habitat. Wrynecks are locally quite abundant which is great especially as their decline in other areas seems to be continuing. I must have seen or heard up to 20 birds this spring in all of the locations that I visit. A real surprise one morning was a flock of Waxwings feeding on Mistletoe berries on the Steinberg locating the next morning to the town centre before heading north for the summer. Black Redstarts also starting singing their wheezy little song from local fence posts and roof tops.

Black Redstart - Goslar
Wryneck - Grosse Bruch

Wryneck - Dromling

Wryneck - Dromling

An orchard - typical Wryneck territory

Waxwing - Steinberg, Goslar
The Drömling has been awesome this spring and, with so much time on my hands, I have visited several times including during the night hoping to hear Corncrakes. Alas and to my surprise I heard none but was rewarded at about 0400 one morning by the sound of a calling Little Bittern. I should also mention the noise of bird song in the night, when one's main sense is sound, is completely amazing. Nightingales and Grasshopper Warblers especially singing form every hundredth bush or piece of shrub. The dawn is also especially beautiful with the image of Cranes standing in misty meadows something I shall never forget. Along with Wrynecks, I have managed to see dozens of Icterine Warblers - I think that I am now 'zone-in' on their song and early in the mornings especially, they can be relatively easy to photograph.


Sun rise in the Dromling


A lone Crane in the Drömling

Icterine Warbler in the Drömling
Icterine Warbler in the Drömling
Barred Warblers have for a long time been a bit of a bogey bird for me and so I was really pleased to have been able to find and watch at leisure several birds.  They really are stunning with their striped breasts and bright yellow eyes and their display fights, often ended with a glide, are rather Cuckoo-esque. Red-backed Shrikes, perhaps the symbol of the Drömling, are always close to Barred Warblers the two birds seeming to enjoy a somewhat symbiotic relationship. Hobbies are always a joy to see and one winged its away across the meadows as I was watching my warblers.

Barred Warbler in the Drömling
Barred Warbler in the Drömling
Barred Warbler in the Drömling
Hobby in the Drömling
Hobby in the Drömling
In previous years I have seen River Warblers in the Drömling though I had not seen any for three years.  I was really pleased therefore, one morning soon after dawn, to hear their remarkable song. Unfortunately I wasn't able to see the bird, however, a week later at the same location I heard the bird again and this time was able to see it as it crawled, mouse-like in the undergrowth and later singing from inside a bush. Astonishingly, as I was walking back to the car I heard and saw another bird which had been ringed. So, after a 3 or 4 year hiatus, the River Warblers were back in exactly the same spot. A demur bird, decorated by a delicate necklace and in possession of one of nature's most remarkable song. Their westward march continues as several sightings have been recorded in the local area.

River Warbler in the Drömling; note the ring

River Warbler in the Drömling; note the ring
River Warbler habitat in the Drömling

River Warbler in the Drömling
River Warbler in the Drömling
Corncrakes are becoming increasingly scarce birds throughout much of their European range and Germany is no exception. Reasonably good numbers hang on along the Elbe valley and in other scattered locations and I was hoping or indeed expecting to hear some calling birds in the Drömling. Indeed Corncrake location was one of my aims this Spring. The good news is that I achieved my aim though not in the Drömling but a small piece of riverine habitat on the eastern outskirts of Braunschweig. Reports of a River Warbler here were soon followed by reports of 3 to 4 Corncrakes calling throughout the night. So I too visited the site and, for the first time in my life heard Corncrakes calling, indeed one must have been 1 meter from where I was standing. Most interestingly I heard a Little Bittern barking which was confirmed by a friend the following night. Its location is work in progress. The River Warbler, well he'd moved on.

Library picture of a Corncrake
Habitat SE Braunschweig containing 3 or 4 Corncrakes
I suppose that last of all I should mention Frose, a reed bed wetland 80km to the east of Goslar. This Spring Frose has been relatively quiet indeed somewhat disappointing. Good sightings including passage a Osprey and male Montagu's Harrier, some amorous Cuckoos, distantly signing Bluethroats, even more distant Garganeys and Wood Sandpipers, and not too much else!  No Savis Warblers, no booming Bitterns and indeed very few Grasshopper Warblers.
Red Kite at Frose

Black Kite in the Grosse Bruch
Cuckoo hanging out in the Dromling
A Frose Osprey
Last but not least, but because I saw them most recently, is a group of 3 or 4 Wood Warblers I stumbled across whilst cycling in the Oberharz. These are truly beautiful birds of colours of lemon and white with a sybaritic song so characteristic of sunlit deciduous forest glades. Fortunately I had taken my camera and was able to get these lovely pictures.

Wood Warbler - Oberharz
Wood Warbler - Oberharz
Wood Warbler - Oberharz
I started this blog by mentioning the context that the Corona pandemic provided for my activities this Spring. It has been an extraordinary time of worry, stress and for many, great sadness. For my part I can honestly say that the birds have kept me sane. When I'm out birding, in the middle of the night of morning, I feel focused and happy. The birds have provided a welcome distraction of potential boredom and unhappiness.


Sunday, 2 February 2020

Britain leaves the EU and steps into the unknown

The UK finally left the EU at 2300 hours of Friday 31 January 2020. I have mixed emotions, not least as a British citizen married to a German and living in Germany. On one hand I am genuinely sad to have left a community of European nations, though on the other I recognise that the UK's exit from the EU has been for a long time inevitable. The UK's destiny is not to be a 'province' in a European super state, and the EU's worrying lack of democracy, whether it be in its key appointments (who voted for Von Der Leyen?), it's propensity to ignore or overturn national referendums, the manner in which it treated Greece, and the replacement of democratically elected politicians (e.g. Berlosconi) has long worried me and I know many others too. The EU preaches liberal values but actually acts in an illiberal manner, especially when threatened.

10 Downing Street 
Turning to the economic picture, the EU will trudge on, crippled by an utterly dysfunctional currency, dreadful demographics, economic protectionism and a loss in confidence in its own Judeo-Christian cultural heritage. The EU's economy has continued to grow in size, albeit painfully slowly, but the rest of the world's has grown much faster. The answer to these chronic problems is always the same - more Europe and deeper integration, when actually the answer that is needed is less. The loss of the UK will hit the EU hard, not least in terms of cash, economic and cultural vigour, military power and diplomatic heft. And whilst I can't foresee any other countries leaving the EU in the near future, the precedent has now been set and unless things improve for the countries condemned to economic sloth and high unemployment, public pressure to escape is likely to increase.

Celebrations in Parliament Square
And the UK? I am reminded (as ever) of something Churchill said on Saint George's Day in 1933. 'Nothing can save England if she will not save herself. If we lose faith in ourselves, in our capacity to guide and govern, if we lose our will to live, then indeed our story is told.' Somewhat remarkably the British people have answered that question anew beckoning in a new era of their island story. For sure, challenges will lie ahead and there is work to be done to strengthen the union, but I for one am immensely proud of what we have achieved.  Friday night was genuinely historic and the most significant event in my country's history during my lifetime. 

Monday, 20 January 2020

Is Germany a nation on the brink of decline?


Apparently the German government is under pressure to spend some of its record budget surplus - a staggering €13.5 Bn at the end of 2019 - on tax cuts and on infrastructure investment. Months of weakening economic growth have left the economy skirting with recession and the headline unemployment figure of less than 4% masks the fact that nearly 8 million people are living on near poverty Harzt Vier wages of €450 per month. Internal domestic demand in Germany is about 55% of overall GDP - easily the lowest in the G7 and the country is dangerously dependent on exports which have been caught in the crossfire of Trump's trade war with China.


B6/248 near Salzgitter four lane bridge reduced to single lane each way and 40 kph

Motorway Rhine bridge at Duisburg with weight restrictions and reduced speed limit
Was zu tun? Years of insistence of balancing the books, known colloquially as Schwarz Null, have left schools, bridges, parks and other public infrastructure increasingly dilapidated and a failure to invest in digital technology at national and local government level has left the country's administrative functions stuck in the paper and fax driven 1990s. I have ceased to be amazed by Germany's bureaucratic state - each town has its own vehicle registration office and passports and other forms of formal identification are initiated at least at Stadt level using paper forms. Hello! Its 2020; most other advanced countries manage these things centrally and online.  Furthermore, there is a worrying trend of managerial and project management incompetence, the most infamous example of which must be Berlin Airport.  Planning for a new national airport in Germany's capital started almost immediately after the country's reunification in 1989.  The new airport should have opened in June 2012 but unbelievably is still not operational due to a list of faults and failures too long to list here.  In the meantime, Berlin continues to be served by the simply dreadful DDR-era Schoenfeld and that icon to 1970s design and planning, Tegel.   
Berlin's airport situation is a national disgrace

Goslar Rathaus - no longer under wraps but still not finished
Closer to home here in Goslar, the Rathaus has been being restored and re-developed for as long as I have been in Goslar - nearly 7 years.  The latest information I can find says that everything should be finished by the end of 2019 though major works seem to be continuing with no apparent end in sight.  Goslar is reliant on tourism therefore one would have thought the commissioning of the Rathaus which overlooks the Marktplatz, would have been a priority!  Apparently not and the wait goes on.


F125 class frigate

Germany's defence forces have become a bad joke with the country now unable to meet its NATO commitments. Often less than 50% of tanks, ships and aircraft are available at anyone one time.  Whilst defence spending is increasing - but remains substantially below the NATO 2% of GDP target - money is being wasted in a bureaucratic morass failing to focus on delivering actual military capability.  Similarly, serious failings in procurement policy have seen the navy's new F125 class of frigates delayed by more than 3 years due to design and build flaws. When I last checked, all for of the navy's submarines were out of service for repair - incredible!


Engineering excellence
Of course there are many things that Germany does incredibly well, especially in the engineering field.  But even here, supremacy is under threat. The automobile industry banked everything on diesel and lied to the public about its emissions and is now desperately playing catch up rugby with other manufacturers who invested earlier in battery technology.  It is clear that Germany needs a new economic model.  More of the same will not even paper over the cracks. It will be interesting to see whether Germany's politicians are brave and radical enough to enact the reforms needed to remain ahead during the forthcoming decade. In many respects, German economic success over the past 10 - 15 years has been a mirage built upon low wages for far too many and an undervalued currency that has made German exports cheaper they should be.  Germany commands considerable economic heft, but, one has to ask, for what purpose?

Tuesday, 14 January 2020

The Harz dead! Long live the Harz!


A third of Germany’s landmass is covered in woodland, and forests play an important role in the country’s national folklore, from the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm to the poems of Goethe. But a combination of storms, drought, forest fires and aggressively spreading bark beetle plagues have destroyed swathes of German forest equivalent to more than 250,000 football fields. The culprit has been the tiny bark beetle, which has gone on a rampage as trees in water-starved habitats have lost their natural defences. In vast parts of Germany, including the Harz, once healthy trees have become defoliated skeletons, their trunks marked by tell-tale networks of tiny tunnels.


The culprit - a bark beatle

The Oberharz today
The insect eats the bark and lays eggs inside and then larvae start to eat the trunk and block the nutrient pathways of the tree, which dies in about four weeks. This is the worst crisis to hit German forests since the acid rain saga in the 1980s which was caused by wind and rain borne industrial pollution. This time, however, climate change is probably providing the beetles with optimum conditions in which to survive the previously harsh winters and to breed multiple times. The Harz was already an economically distressed region, but this latest affliction not only affects tourism - who wants to walk in a dead forest, but the forestry industry itself which, amazingly, employs over a million people - more than the automotive industry.

Dead Spruce trees - Oberharz
A depressing overview of the Harz looking south from the Brocken

But every cloud has a silver lining, even though its fairly hard to see it here, because this process has accelerated the demise of a depressing mono-cultural landscape planted after the second world war, and the re-birth, assisted by man, of a more natural forest landscape of mixed forest as we see already in the eastern part of the Harz. Serendipitously, this process is also good for wildlife as the proliferation of dead wood and sun-lit space has actually increased the range of bird species found here.  I should also mention the good work that has been done in reintroducing Lynx and Wildcats - amazingly I saw one of the latter once standing on the side of the road.

Tengmalm's Owl nesting in a dead tree

Nature as a natural building site
Looking for birds in the Harz has always been hard work, but even I'm tempted to go looking for Pygmy and Tengmalm’s Owls and other species quietly recolonising this region. To be honest, the Harz needs some love. As a landscape it is merely a shadow of what it once must have been. Mountain streams and rivers are either dammed or canalised to prevent downstream flooding, the forest is, in the west at least, mono-cultural pine and dying, climate change has warned the weather for the worse - there's now very little snow, and the villages and towns are dilapidated and depopulating fast.  If ever there was a region that would benefit from sensitive re-wilding, this is it.


Friday, 10 January 2020

Brexit – a personal overview

I delivered this speech (English text at the bottom) to the Goslar Rotary Club on 9 Jan 20.  I found the process of writing it cathartic.  Brexit has been a slow burning emotional issue, that has tested my half German/ half English family and as well as provoking interest, incredulity and occasional anger from many of my friends and associates here in Germany.  I hope my talk's arguments provide some kind of closure - at least for me.  In the words of Shakespeare, 'Gently to hear, kindly to judge our play' - Henry V.


Ich würde gerne die Gelegenheit nutzen, und meine Gedanken, über das doch recht schmerzvolle Thema des BREXIT mit Ihnen teilen, dass die europäische Politik für die letzten drei Jahre dominiert hat. Mein Rede wird ungefähr 15 Minuten dauern.

Die Beziehung von Großbritannien zu Europa ist ein kompliziertes und vielschichtiges Gebilde, aber um die jetzige Situation zu verstehen, ist es hilfreich den Blick in die Vergangenheit zu richten. Als Großbritannien 1973 der EWG beitrat, befand sich das Land in einem wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Niedergang und viele britische Politiker dachten, dass durch den Beitritt zur EWG, Großbritannien in Europa wieder eine wichtige und einflussreiche Rolle spielen würde. Ein Referendum in Jahre 1975 in Großbritannien bestätigt die britische Mitgliedschaft mit einer deutlichen Mehrheit von 67% der Wähler.


1979 wurde dann Margret Thatcher zur Premierministerin gewählt und führte tiefgreifende soziale und wirtschaftliche Reformen durch, und damit begann das Wieder-erwachen der britischen Wirtschaftskraft. Durch den Maastrichter Vertrag im Jahre 1992 wurde die EWG zur europäischen Union und es begann die Entwicklung einer sowohl wirtschaftlichen als auch politischen Vereinigung. In dieser Zeit erholte sich die britische Wirtschaftskraft deutlich. Die Verträge von Nizza in 2001 und von Lissabon in 2007 vertieften die europäische wirtschaftliche und politische Integration und die Einführung des Euros 2002 bestätigten die europäische Union als eine sowohl politisch als auch wirtschaftliche Vereinigung von 28 Mitgliedsstaaten. Allerdings, trat das vereinigte Königreich dem Euro nicht bei, und verblieb in den nächsten Jahren zunehmend verunsichert über die Vorgänge innerhalb der EU mit dem Ziel einer weiteren politischen Integration. Dennoch hatten die Briten die Einführung eines Single Market im Jahr 1993 und die Erweiterung der EU nach Osteuropa im Jahr 2002 begrüßt.

Während dieser wichtigen Jahre seit dem Maastrichter Vertrag 1992, haben die Britten wahrscheinlich über die EU nur wenig nachgedacht. Sie war einfach da und wurde insgesamt als eine nützliche Organisation betrachtet. Aber im Hintergrund gab es immer eine Euro skeptische Bewegung, besonders in der konservativen Partei und es wurden immer wieder Bedenken laut gegen eine weitere wirtschaftliche und politische Integration und die damit verbundene Gefahr von dem Verlust der Britischen Souveränität. Als es dann im Jahre 2010 zur Krise des Euros kam, begannen diese Bedenken in Großbritannien offensichtlicher zu werden und viele Menschen, einschließlich meiner eigenen Person, hinterfragten die Kompetenz der Europäischen Union. Die dann sich entwickelnden massiven Krisen in Ländern wie Griechenland und Italien und die Art, wie die europäische Union mit diesen Ländern umging, verstärkten die Bedenken in Großbritannien gegen die europäische Union, die als technokratisch und undemokratisch empfunden wurde. Keiner von uns ist ein besonders großer Fan von Berlusconi gewesen, aber hat deshalb die Europäische Union das Recht ihn mit einem pro europäischen und nicht demokratisch gewählten EU Technokraten zu ersetzen? Erstaunen entstand weiterhin, als Länder wie Dänemark, Irland und Frankreich von der EU aufgefordert wurden, Volksabstimmungen zu wiederholen nachdem widerspenstige Wähler EU unfreundliche Abstimmungen abgegeben hatten. Wie demokratisch war denn nun die EU?


In dem vergangenen Jahrzehnt war die Britische Wirtschaft innerhalb der europäischen Union im Aufschwung und gerade auf dem Arbeitsmarkt gab es viele positive Entwicklungen im Vergleich mit dem restlichen Europa. Das ist besonders hervorzuheben, weil gleichzeitig auch, die Population angestiegen ist. Die Britischen Bürger freuten sich über die wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit, aber bemerkten auch, dass sich im Vergleich das restliche, insbesondere südliche Europa seit 2008 in einer tiefen wirtschaftlichen Depression befand. Es war für die Briten offensichtlich, dass anders als im Jahre 1973 die jetzige europäische Union ihren Sinn als Garantie einer wirtschaftlichen Sicherheit verloren hatte.

Hinzu kam dann auch der Aufstieg einer neuen Partei, der UKIP, angeführt von dem charismatischen Nigel Farrage der als Lebensmission sich die Aufgabe gestellt hatte, die Briten aus der EU zu führen. Im Jahre 2015 wurde Farrage zu einer aktuellen politischen Bedrohung der konservativen Partei und der damalige Premierminister Cameron sah keinen anderen Ausweg aus dieser Situation als den Wählern ein Referendum anzubieten. Das Referendum fand dann im Juni 2016 statt und das Ergebnis, auch für die meisten Britten überraschend, ist mittlerweile Geschichte.


Die meisten Kommentatoren stimmen überein, dass zwei wesentliche Faktoren für den BREXIT Entscheid beigetragen haben, zum einen die Souveränität und zum anderen, die Immigration. 
  • Mehr als die Hälfte der Wähler, die für den BREXIT gestimmt hatten, sahen die Souveränität von Großbritannien bedroht und bedauerten, dass viele Entscheidungen, die das Land betreffen, nicht mehr innerhalb des Landes entschieden wurden. Die nicht demokratisch gewählte europäische Kommission und andere europäische Agenturen, wurden als Bedrohung der Demokratie wahrgenommen. Wir sollten nicht vergessen, dass England seit 1688 eine parlamentarische Demokratie war und das Land stolz auf seine politische Vergangenheit ist. Wir haben also eine Menge zu verlieren. Vielleicht wissen Sie auch, dass das britische Rechtssystem sich von den Rechtssystemen auf dem Kontinent signifikant unterscheidet. Ein berühmter Satz eines britischen Richters lautet daher auch, dass die Europäischen Gesetze einer Sturmflut gleichen, ‘die mit aller Gewalt in die Mündung und flussaufwärts gedrückt werden, ohne dass die Wasserfluten einzudämmen sind‘. Viele Menschen im vereinigten Königreich waren mit diesem Prozess unzufrieden und bedauerten den Verlust eines Rechtssystems, das vor mehr als 900 Jahren mit der Magna Carta begründet wurde. Bitte vergessen Sie nicht, dass die politischen Institutionen der Europäischen Union zum großen Teil nach deutschen Institutionen geformt wurden. Diese sind zweifellos bewundernswert, aber sehr unterschiedlich und durchaus fremd für den britischen Bürger. 
  • Die Immigration ist ein zweiter entscheidender Grund für das Ergebnis des BREXIT Referendums. Ein Drittel aller BREXIT Befürworter sind der Ansicht, dass die beste Möglichkeit für das vereinigte Königreich Kontrolle über die Immigration und die eigenen Grenzen wieder-zu-erlangen, der Ausstieg aus der europäischen Union sei. Das Bevölk-erungs-wachstum im vereinigten Königreich ist fünfmal so hoch wie der europäische Durchschnitt und die Bevölkerung ist angewachsen auf über 65 Millionen Einwohner, ein 18-prozentiger Anstieg in den letzten zehn Jahren. Die Immigration innerhalb der EU sowohl von nicht EU als auch EU Ländern hat hauptsächlich in Großbritannien stattgefunden mit erheblichen negativen Auswirkungen auf den auf die Sozialkassen und das Gesundheitssystem. Großbritannien ist zweifelsohne eine global orientierte und multikulturelle Gesellschaft, weit mehr als Deutschland. Aber es ist auch klar dass ein solch dramatischer Anstieg vorwiegend von den unteren sozial-öko-nomischen Schichten als Bedrohung empfunden wird. ‘Take Back Control‘ war daher ein häufig benutzter Kehrreim für die BREXIT Befürworter.

In den letzten drei Jahren haben wir eine Art Bürgerkrieg zwischen den BREXIT Befürwortern und BREXIT Gegnern in Großbritannien gesehen. Die ungeschriebene Konstitution von Großbritannien wurde fast bis zur Zerstörung belastet und wir alle, nicht nur in Großbritannien, hatten gelinde gesagt, die Nase gestrichen voll. Lassen Sie uns nun zuerst auf die Remainers schauen:

Es gibt drei Typen von Remainers. 
  • Der erste hat ideo-logische Gründe und eine emotionale Bindung an das europäische Projekt. Er unterstützt die supranationalen europäischen Institutionen und betrachtet eine nationale Identität als überholt oder sogar gefährlich und hat teilweise vehement negative Ansichten von Großbritannien. 
  • Der zweite ist ein professioneller Remainer, diese Gruppe ist durchaus beeindruckend; es sind Geschäftsleute, Akademiker, Politiker und Mitglieder des öffentlichen Dienstes. Sie fühlen sich der europäischen Mitgliedschaft durch ihre Karrieren verpflichtet oder durchaus auch aus persönlichem Interesse.
  • Schließlich gibt es auch den besorgten Remainer, der die negativen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Folgen des BREXITs fürchtet.  Ich denke es ist fair zu sagen, dass die Remainer alles getan haben, um die Referendum Entscheidung um-zu-kehren oder zu-mind-est zu verzögern. Und das House of Commons wird dominiert von Politikern, die in der EU bleiben wollen trotz der Tatsache, dass die Mehrheit der Bürger in England für den BREXIT gestimmt haben. Es gibt einige Politiker die offen mit der europäischen Kommission zusammen gearbeitet haben, um den BREXIT zu stoppen und dabei in der Öffentlichkeit erhebliche Verärgerung ausgelöst haben.

Wahrscheinlich gibt es mehr Leavers als Sie denken. Es muss so sein, denn schließlich haben sie das Referendum gewonnen. Trotzdem werden sie, natürlich insbesondere von den Remainers als, entweder zu alt, und daher nicht qualifiziert eine Entscheidung herbei-zu-führen oder zu dumm, weil sie eben keinen Universitätsabschluss haben.  Auch als Underdogs oder Rassisten werden sie gern gesehen.  Es ist wahr, viele Leavers kommen aus der nordenglischen Arbeiterklasse, aber wenn sie sich die Wahlbezirke des gesamten Landes anschauen, dann gewinnen eben die BREXIT Leavers, mit Ausnahme der Wahlbezirke des sehr Liberalen Londons, Schottland und Nordirland.

BREXIT – Quo Vadis?  Nach der Wahl vom 12. December 2019 steht, dass Großbritannien die EU am 31 Januar 2020 verlassen wird und damit eine Übergangsperiode beginnt, die laut Boris Johnson, nicht länger als ein Jahr dauern soll. Boris Johnson wird in Europa häufig missverstanden und im Allgemeinen fast verabscheut. Ich vermute der Grund dafur ist, dass gerade dieser Politiker mit dem Ausgang des Referendums verbunden ist und Großbritanniens Wiedergeburt als eine global orientierte unabhängige Nation herbeiführen möchte.



Während der letzten drei schmerzvollen Jahre habe ich gelernt dass, es fast unmöglich ist, die britischen und deutschen Ansichten von Europa und der europäischen Union wieder in Einklang zu bringen.  Für die Briten hat Europa immer den Charakter einer Interessen-gemeinschaft gehabt, wohingegen die Deutschen viel gefühlsmäßiger an die EU gebunden waren und die EU als einen Weg aus der sehr schmerzvollen Vergangenheit gesehen haben. Es ist deutlich, dass die Vereinigung von Regierungen und damit politischer Gewalt in der europäischen Union nicht ein Modell war, das den Briten behagte. Daher resultiert diese Entscheidung im Referendum, die in der Wahl zum Europaparlament und den zwei letzten nationalen Wahlen bestätigt wurde.

Bitte nehmen Sie es nicht persönlich, wenn die Briten sich gegen die europäische Union entscheiden. Die Briten schätzen eben ihre Freiheit, Institutionen oder Menschen zu wählen oder zu entlassen, und ihre Gesetze zu machen. Der Weg der europäischen Union war am Ende zu viel für Großbritannien, das niemals Europa mit der europäischen Union verwechselt hat.


Aber können Sie fragen war es denn unbedingt notwendig diese Entscheidung herbeizuführen? Ich würde eher sagen, dass Großbritannien alles getan hat, um genau diese Eskalation zu vermeiden. Großbritannien war immer ein widerspenstiges Mitglied der europäischen Union und diese unterschwelligen Strömungen konnten nicht länger gebändigt werden. Als David Cameron im Jahre 2015 eine Änderung, Reform, Neuverhandlung und die Schaffung einer EU forderte, die eine größere demokratische Zustimmung in Großbritannien hätte, und abgelehnt wurde, wurde es leider notwendig, die Angelegenheit zu erzwingen und ein Referendum abzuhalten. Aus diesem Grund habe ich 2016, traurig dafür gestimmt, die EU zu verlassen.


English text



I thought that it would be interesting to share my thoughts about BREXIT, an issue that has dominated British social and political life for the past 3 years.


My country’s relationship with Europe has always been complex, but in order to understand the present we need to turn to the past.  Britain eventually joined the European Economic Community in 1973.  At that time the UK was in economic and social decline and many British politicians thought that the EEC would enable the country to regain a sense of purpose within Europe. A referendum held by the UK in 1975 confirmed British membership with a 67% vote in favour of remaining part of the EEC.


In 1979 Margaret Thatcher was elected prime minister and introduced economic and social reforms which began to reverse Britain’s decline.  Following the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, the EEC became the European Union and started its development into a political as well as an economic entity.  In the meantime, the UK’s economic performance improved.  The treaties of Nice in 2001 and of Lisbon in 2007 deepened European economic and political integration and the launch of the Euro in 2002 confirmed the EU as a full political and economic union of 28 member states.  


However, the UK never joined the Euro and it remained deeply uneasy about further political integration. On the other hand, the British championed the development of the economic Single Market in 1993 and it encouraged the EU’s expansion into Eastern Europe in 2002.

Throughout this time I don’t think people in Britain really thought too much about the EU.  It was just ‘there’ and was regarded as something broadly beneficial. However, there was always a Eurosceptic movement, especially in the Conservative Party, arguing against further political and economic integration and against the loss of British sovereignty. Looking back, I think the Euro crisis, which started in 2010, really made a lot of people in the UK, including me, question the competency of the EU.  People in the UK were also uneasy with the high-handed and undemocratic way in which the EU dealt with countries like Greece and Italy – Berlusconi might have been a poor prime minister and an appalling man, but what right did the EU have to replace him with an unelected pro-EU technocrat?  Eyebrows were also raised when Denmark, Ireland and France were strongly encouraged by the EU to re-run referendums after their recalcitrant electorates had voted the wrong way.  The EU is hardly a model of democracy is it?


Turning to the more recent past, the British economy has performed more strongly than any economy in Europe, including Germany’s, and has seen a larger rise in employment than the rest of the EU combined despite a substantial increase in the size of the population.  It also began to become obvious to people in the UK that Britain’s economic performance was better than the Euro area’s which has remained depressed since the financial crisis in 2008.  So the original reason for Britain’s entry back in 1973 – to stop economic decline – no longer assumed so much importance.


In order to complete the picture I should mention the rise of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) led by the charismatic Nigel Farage who has made it his mission in life to get Britain out of the EU.  In 2015 Farage presented an enormous political threat to David Cameron’s Conservative Party and Cameron had no option other than to offer the electorate an In Out referendum on British membership of the EU in the 2015 general election campaign.  That referendum took place in June 2016 and the rest, as they say, is obviously history.


Most commentators agree that there were two main factors behind BREXIT: sovereignty and immigration.  
  • Taking each in turn, nearly half of leave voters said the biggest single reason for wanting to leave the EU was "the principle that decisions about the UK should be taken in the UK".  There was a sense that EU membership took decision making further away from 'the people' in favour of domination by the unelected European Commission and other EU agencies.  England has been a parliamentary democracy since 1688 so that is a ‘lot of history’ that people were being asked to give away.  You may also not appreciate that the UK’s Common Law system is very different from the Civil Law system used here on the Continent.  A judge in England famously referred to the incoming tide of EU law, observing that “it flows into the estuaries and up the rivers. It cannot be held back.”  Many people in the UK were uncomfortable with this process and regretted the loss of a legal system founded by Magna Carta more than 900 years previously. Finally, most, if not all, of the EU’s political institutions are modelled on German institutions which are no doubt admirable, but they are different and alien to people in the UK.  Okay if you’re German, not so good if you’re British.
  • Turning to immigration, one third of leave voters said the main reason was that leaving offered the best chance for the UK to regain control over immigration and its own borders.  The UK population growth rate is 5 times higher than the EU average and the country’s population now stands at 65M – an 18% increase over 10 years. This immigration has come from both non-EU and EU countries but has gone almost exclusively to England with a very substantial impact on the demand for public services. Britain is undeniably a globally orientated and multi-cultural society – far more so than Germany – but there can be little doubt that such a dramatic increase in population, whose negative effects, impacted predominantly on the less well-off elements of society, had a significant effect on the referendum result.  “Take back control” was the refrain used to great effect by the Leave campaign during referendum campaign.

For the past 3 years we have witnessed in the UK in effect a cultural civil war between those who voted to leave the EU and the so-called Remainers who want to remain in the EU.  The UK’s unwritten constitution has been tested almost to destruction and everybody, not just in the UK, has become utterly fed up with the whole process.  Let us look at the Leavers first.

  • There are three types – the first are the ideologues who have an emotional link with the ‘European project’, and support more power being exercised by supranational EU institutions. They see national identity as outdated or even dangerous, and sometimes hold vehemently negative views of Britain. 
  • The second are ‘Professional Remainers’. These are a far more formidable group coming from business, the professions, politics and the civil service. But they have a common defining characteristic: they are committed to membership of the EU by their careers and hence by personal interest.
  • Finally, we have the ‘Worried Remainers’ who are concerned about the potential political and economic implications of leaving the EU.  I think it’s fair to say that the Leavers have done everything possible to reverse or delay the referendum decision.  The House of Commons was dominated by politicians who wanted to remain in the EU despite the fact that a majority of constituencies in the UK voted to leave.  Many politicians worked openly with the EU Commission to stop Brexit, much to the fury of the general public.  Finally, the ultimate Remainer of course was the Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, who flagrantly manipulated long-established rules and conventions to the advantage of the Remainer cause.
There are more Leavers than you think. There must be because they won the referendum!  However, they are characterised, mainly by Remainers, as being either too old, and therefore not qualified to vote on an issue affecting the nation’s future, too stupid because they didn’t have university degrees or were working class, or racist because they were fed up with uncontrolled immigration into their communities.  Its true many leave voters were working class northerners but as you can see from this map of constituencies throughout the country, with the obvious exceptions of hyper-liberal London, Scotland and Northern Ireland, an overwhelming majority voted to leave the EU.


So where does this leave us?  Following the General Election on 12 December 2019, it is clear that the UK will now leave the EU on 31 January 2020 and enter a transition period that Boris Johnson has said will last no more than a year.  This is, to put it mildly, ambitious, but then no one said he would be able to renegotiate Theresa May’s deal this autumn. Johnson is much misunderstood in Europe and almost universally disliked, I suspect because he is the politician who won the referendum and who will now manage the UK’s reincarnation as a globally orientated independent nation again.  Over the past painful three years I have learnt that it is simply not possible to reconcile the British and German views on Europe and the EU.  For the British the EU has always been a contractual arrangement whilst for the Germans it has always been an emotional issue and a way of escaping its past.


It is clear that the idea of a union of governments was not a model that worked for the UK.  This was decided in a referendum and reinforced in a European election and two general elections. It’s nothing personal against Europe. The British just value the ability to elect or dismiss the people who make their laws. The EU’s ways were, in the end, too much for a Britain that has never confused the EU with Europe.  But, I hear you ask, was it necessary to force the issue and hold a referendum?  To which I would reply, that the UK did everything not to force the issue. It has always been one of the most reluctant members of the EU and there is only so long that you can keep a democracy in a club against its will. So when in 2015 David Cameron requested change, reform, renegotiation, the creation of an EU that would carry greater democratic consent in Britain and was rejected, I regret that it then became necessary to force the issue and hold a referendum.  That’s why, with sadness, I voted to leave the EU in 2016.